本人近实践,个人比较喜欢采用JUit+Mock+Espresso,所以也展示了这三个。本来想分篇的,后还是压缩了一下一篇吧。
  文中代码大部分是以前摘录的,比较零散也忘记出处了,也有自己写的一些,总体来说都是比较好的示例。
  JUnit
  导包
//如果只在Java环境下测试,只需以下且默认都有这个配置
  testCompile 'junit:junit:4.12'
  //如果需要调用Android的组件则需要多加
androidTestCompile 'com.android.support.test:runner:0.5'
androidTestCompile 'com.android.support:support-annotations:'+supportLibVersion
//且defaultConfig节点需要加上
testInstrumentationRunner "android.support.test.runner.AndroidJUnitRunner"
  使用
  这是Java界用的广泛,很多框架都是基于这个框架的,用起来也比较简单
public int add(int one, int another) {
   return one + another;
}
  本来写个测试需要这样:
public int test() {
    Calculator calculator = new Calculator();
    int sum = calculator.add(1, 2);
    if(sum == 3) {
      System.out.println("add() works!")
    } else {
      System.out.println("add() does not works!")
    }
}
   现在有了这个框架,只需要这样
//会在每个测试方法前执行
@Before
public void setup() {
  mCalculator = new Calculator();
}
@Test
public void testAdd() throws Exception {
  int sum = calculator.add(1, 2);
  Assert.assertEquals(3, sum);
}
//如果要验证抛出异常
@Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
public void test() {
  mCalculator.divide(4, 0);
}
  验证方法都在Assert类中,看方法名能理解,不列举了
  然后说一下常用的注解:
  setUp/@Before:在每个单元测试方法执行之前调用
  tearDown/@After:在每个单元测试方法执行后调用
  setUpBeforeClass/@BeforeClass:在每个单元测试类运行前调用
  tearDownAfterClass/@AfterClass:在每个单元测试类运行完成后调用
  Junit3中每个测试方法必须以test打头,Junit4中增加了注解,对方法名没有要求,@Test可以
  如果想在测试类中暂时忽略某个方法,标注@Ignore
  高阶
  Parameterized
  主要用于多参数的一次性测试,需要5步
  用 @RunWith(Parameterized.class) 来注释 test 类
  创建一个由 @Parameters 注释的公共的静态方法,它返回一个对象的集合(数组)来作为测试数据集合
  创建一个公共的构造函数,它接受和一行测试数据相等同的东西
  为每一列测试数据创建一个实例变量
  用实例变量作为测试数据的来源来创建你的测试用例
   示例:
@RunWith(Parameterized.class)
public class CalculatorAddParameterizedTest {
    @Parameters
    public static Iterable<Object[]> data() {
        return Arrays.asList(new Object[][]{
                {0, 0, 0},
                {0, -1, -1},
                {2, 2, 4},
                {8, 8, 16},
                {16, 16, 32},
                {32, 0, 32},
                {64, 64, 128}});
    }
    private final double mOperandOne;
    private final double mOperandTwo;
    private final double mExpectedResult;
    private Calculator mCalculator;
    public CalculatorAddParameterizedTest(double operandOne, double operandTwo,
            double expectedResult) {
        mOperandOne = operandOne;
        mOperandTwo = operandTwo;
        mExpectedResult = expectedResult;
    }
    @Before
    public void setUp() {
        mCalculator = new Calculator();
    }
    @Test
    public void testAdd_TwoNumbers() {
        double resultAdd = mCalculator.add(mOperandOne, mOperandTwo);
        assertThat(resultAdd, is(equalTo(mExpectedResult)));
    }
}
  Rule
  类似于@Before、@After,是用来在每个测试方法的执行前后可以标准化的执行一些代码,一般我们直接用框架中现有的Rule可以了
  具体可以看这篇:
  Junit Rule的使用
  Mockito
  依赖
androidTestCompile "org.mockito:mockito-core:$mockitoVersion"
  Mock作用
  专注于单元测试,可以把想要测试类中没有实现的模块虚拟Mock出来,先给需要测试的模块用着
  Mock出来的类是空壳,是一个继承与原类,方法都是hook的新类,每个方法都需要Stub,否则返回的都是默认值
  Spy出来的类可以使用原来类的方法,但是也可以指定方法有hook处理
  使用
  创建Mock
  使用Rule
@Mock
MyDatabase databaseMock;
@Rule
public MockitoRule mockitoRule = MockitoJUnit.rule();
  标注RunWith
@RunWith(MockitoJUnitRunner.class)
public class Test{
  @Mock
  MyDatabase databaseMock;
}
  手动mock
MyClass test = mock(MyClass.class);
  指定Stub
  创建之后由于都是空的,所以要指定行为
若方法中的某一个参数使用了matcher,则所有的参数都必须使用matcher
  第一种:Mockito.when(obj.methodCall()).thenReturn(result)
  不能用于重复的Stub、返回void函数、Spy出来的类
@Test
public void test1()  {
    // define return value for method getUniqueId()
    when(test.getUniqueId()).thenReturn(43);
    // use mock in test....
    assertEquals(test.getUniqueId(), 43);
}
@Test
public void testMoreThanOneReturnValue()  {
    Iterator<String> i= mock(Iterator.class);
    when(i.next()).thenReturn("Mockito").thenReturn("rocks");
    String result= i.next()+" "+i.next();
    //assert
    assertEquals("Mockito rocks", result);
}
@Test
public void testReturnValueInDependentOnMethodParameter()  {
    Comparable<Integer> c= mock(Comparable.class);
    when(c.compareTo(anyInt())).thenReturn(-1);
    //assert
    assertEquals(-1, c.compareTo(9));
}
//return都可以用answer来代替
@Test
public final void answerTest() {
    // with thenAnswer():
    when(list.add(anyString())).thenAnswer(returnsFirstArg());
    // with then() alias:
    when(list.add(anyString())).then(returnsFirstArg());
}
  但是如果用这个来指定Spy则无效
@Test
public void testLinkedListSpyWrong() {
    // Lets mock a LinkedList
    List<String> list = new LinkedList<>();
    List<String> spy = spy(list);
    //无效且会抛出异常,因为调用了一次方法且此时list空
    when(spy.get(0)).thenReturn("foo");
    assertEquals("foo", spy.get(0));
}
  第二种:Mockito.doReturn(result).when(obj).methodCall()
  可以重复Stub,可以使用doAnswer来Stub方法
@Test
public void testLinkedListSpyCorrect() {
    // Lets mock a LinkedList
    List<String> list = new LinkedList<>();
    List<String> spy = spy(list);
    // You have to use doReturn() for stubbing
    doReturn("foo").when(spy).get(0);
    assertEquals("foo", spy.get(0));
}
    // with doAnswer():
    doAnswer(returnsFirstArg()).when(list).add(anyString());
  该when(….).thenReturn(….)方法链可以用于抛出异常
Properties properties = mock(Properties.class);
when(properties.get(”Anddroid”)).thenThrow(new IllegalArgumentException(...));
try {
    properties.get(”Anddroid”);
    fail(”Anddroid is misspelled”);
} catch (IllegalArgumentException ex) {
    // good!
}
  并且可以指定Spy
@Test
public void testLinkedListSpyCorrect() {
    // Lets mock a LinkedList
    List<String> list = new LinkedList<>();
    List<String> spy = spy(list);
    // You have to use doReturn() for stubbing
    doReturn("foo").when(spy).get(0);
    assertEquals("foo", spy.get(0));
}
  doAnswer
//需要测试的代码
public void getTasks(@NonNull final LoadTasksCallback callback) {...}
interface LoadTasksCallback {
  void onTasksLoaded(List<Task> tasks);
  void onDataNotAvailable();
}
//stub
doAnswer(new Answer() {
            @Override
            public Object answer(InvocationOnMock invocation) throws Throwable {
                Object[] arg=invocation.getArguments();//获取参数
                TasksDataSource.LoadTasksCallback callback = (TasksDataSource.LoadTasksCallback) arg[0];//0代表第一个参数
                callback.onTasksLoaded(TASKS);
                return null;
            }
        }).when(mTasksRepository).getTasks(any(TasksDataSource.LoadTasksCallback.class));
  验证测试
  主要验证是否方法调用和次数
//方法调用,且参数一定
Mockito.verify(mockUserManager, Mockito.times(2)).performLogin("xiaochuang", "xiaochuang password");
//如果是一次,可以简写
Mockito.verify(mockUserManager).performLogin("xiaochuang", "xiaochuang password");
//也可以限定次数
Mockito.verify(test, atLeastOnce()).someMethod("called at least once");
  高阶
  ArgumentCaptor
  可以捕获方法的参数,然后进行验证,也可以用来在有回调的方法上,避免doAnswer的复杂写法
  需要导包hamcrest-library
@Captor
private ArgumentCaptor<List<String>> captor;
@Test
public final void shouldContainCertainListItem() {
    List<String> asList = Arrays.asList("someElement_test", "someElement");
    final List<String> mockedList = mock(List.class);
    mockedList.addAll(asList);
    verify(mockedList).addAll(captor.capture());
    final List<String> capturedArgument = captor.getValue();
    assertThat(capturedArgument, hasItem("someElement"));
}
  InOrder
  可以指定验证的次序
// A. Single mock whose methods must be invoked in a particular order 
List singleMock = mock(List.class); 
//using a single mock 
singleMock.add("was added first"); 
singleMock.add("was added second"); 
//create an inOrder verifier for a single mock 
InOrder inOrder = inOrder(singleMock); 
//following will make sure that add is first called with "was added first, then with "was added second" 
inOrder.verify(singleMock).add("was added first"); 
inOrder.verify(singleMock).add("was added second"); 
// B. Multiple mocks that must be used in a particular order 
List firstMock = mock(List.class); 
List secondMock = mock(List.class); 
//using mocks 
firstMock.add("was called first"); 
secondMock.add("was called second"); 
//create inOrder object passing any mocks that need to be verified in order 
InOrder inOrder = inOrder(firstMock, secondMock); 
//following will make sure that firstMock was called before secondMock 
inOrder.verify(firstMock).add("was called first"); 
inOrder.verify(secondMock).add("was called second"); 
// Oh, and A + B can be mixed together at will
  @InjectMocks
  主动构造有构造函数的Mock,且其参数也需要用注解来生成
public ArticleManager(User user, ArticleDatabase database) {
    super();
    this.user = user;
    this.database = database;
}
@RunWith(MockitoJUnitRunner.class)
public class ArticleManagerTest  {
    @Mock
    ArticleDatabase database;
    @Mock
    User user;
    @InjectMocks
    private ArticleManager manager;
}
  Espresso来UI测试