DDL(Data Definition Language):数据库定义语句;
  DML(Data Manipulation Language):用于增删改查数据库中数据;
  DCL(Data Control Language)用来向用户赋予/取消对数据对象的控制权限;
  TCL(Transaction Control Language):用来对事务进行管理
  数据库登录:
  win+R运行cmd,输入 双引号里面的内容:"mysql -uroot -proot"回车,root为用户名和密码。
  注意:执行win命令,后不需要加“;”,但执行mysql语句则需要加“;”
  一、库操作
  1.创建名为"mydb1"数据库:
  create database mydb1;
  2.显示所有数据库:
  show databases;
  3.创建名为"mydb1"并带字符集的数据库:
  create database mydb2 CHARACTER SET=utf8;
  4.显示数据库mydb2创建语句:
  show create database mydb2;
  5.如果存在数据库mydb2,则删除mydb2(如果不加上if exits判断,一旦要删除的数据库不存在,会报错):
  drop database if exits mydb2;
  6.修改数据库的库字符编码:
  alter database mydb2 character set gb2312;
  7.数据库备份(root是用户名,这是一个win命令(即打开cmd,直接输入),将数据库备份到c盘下):
  mysqldump -u root -p mydb2>c://test.sql;
  8.数据库恢复(两种方式):
  (1)这是一个win命令:mysql -u root -p mydb2<c://test.sql
  (2)source c://test.sql;
  二、表操作
  1.创建学生表:
  create table student(
  /* 直接指定主键,也可单独指定*/
  sno varchar(4) primary key,
  sname varchar(10) not null,
  sage int,
  ssex char(2),
  email varchar(20) unique,
  constraint ck_student_ssex_sage check(ssex in('男','女')and sage between 10 and 50)
  )
  2.增加列(字段):
  alter table tableName add columnName varchar(30);
  3.修改列,改变长度:
  alter table tableName modify cloumnName varchar(60);
  4.删除列:
  alter table tableName drop column cloumnName;
  5.修改表名:
  rename table tableName_old to tableName_new;
  6.修改表的字符集:
  alter table user character set gbk;
  7.修改列名:
  alter table tableName change column cloumnName columnName_new varchar(60);
  8.删除表:
  drop table tableName;
  三、增删改查
  准备表
  create table employee
  (
  id int,
  name varchar(40),
  sex varchar(4),
  birthday date,
  entry_date date,
  salary decimal(8,2),
  resume text
  );
  1.插入数据:
  insert into employee(id,name,sex,birthday,entry_date,salary,resume) values(1,'zhangsan','male','1993-03-04','2016-11-10','1000','i am a developer');
  /*可以省略表字段,但是必须插入全部字段*/
  insert into employee values(1,'zhangsan','male','1993-03-04','2016-11-10','1000','i am a developer');
  2.指定某些列插入数据:
  insert into employee(id) values(6);
  3.查看汉字时不乱码:
  insert into employee(id,name) values(6,'张三');
  /*告诉mysql客户采用gb2312编码*/
  show variables like 'chara%';
  set character_set_client=gb2312;
  insert into employee(id,username) values('3','张三');
  /*查看汉字时不乱码*/
  show variables like 'chara%';
  set character_set_results=gb2312;
  select * from employee;
  4.删除表数据:
  /*删除表中名称为’zs’的记录*/
  delete from employee where name='zs';
  /*删除表中所有记录*/
  delete from employee;
  /*使用truncate删除表中记录(快速删除表中所有数据,保留表的数据结构)*/
  truncate table employee;
  5.修改表中数据:
  /*将所有员工薪水修改为5000元*/
  update employee set salary=5000;
  /*将姓名为’zs’的员工薪水修改为3000元*/
  update employee set salary = 3000 where name='zs';
  /*将姓名为’aaa’的员工薪水修改为4000元,job改为ccc*/
  update employee set salary = 4000,job='ccc' where name='aaa';
  /*将lisi的薪水在原有基础上增加1000元*/
  update employee set salary = salary+1000 where name='lisi';
  6.查询表中数据:
  /*查询表中所有学生的信息*/
  select id,name,chinese,english,math from student;
  /*查询表中所有学生的姓名和对应的英语成绩*/
  select name,english from student;
  /*过滤表中重复数据*/
  select distinct english from student;
  在所有学生分数上加10分特长分*/
  select name,(chinese+english+math)+10 from student;
  /*统计每个学生的总分*/
  select name,(chinese+english+math) from student;
  /*使用别名表示学生分数*/
  select name,(chinese+english+math) as 总分 from student;
  /*使用别名表示学生分数,可以不用as*/
  select name,(chinese+english+math) 总分 from  student;
  /*查询姓名为张三的学生成绩*/
  select * from student where name='张三';
  /*查询英语成绩大于90分的同学*/
  select * from student where english>'90';
  /*查询总分大于200分的所有同学*/
  select name,(chinese+english+math) 总分 from student where chinese+english+math>200;
  /*查询英语分数在 80-90之间的同学*/
  select * from student where english>=80 and english=<90;
  select * from student where english between 80 and 90;
  /*查询数学分数为89,90,91的同学*/
  select * from student where math=89 or math=90 or math=91;
  select * from student where math in(89,90,91);
  /*查询所有姓李的学生成绩*/
  select * from student where name like '李%';
  select * from student where name like '李_';
  /*查询数学分>80,语文分>80的同学*/
  select * from student where math>80 and chinese>80;
  select * from student where chinese is null;
  /*对数学成绩排序(降序:从高到低,desc)后输出。*/
  select name,math from student order by math desc;
  /*对数学成绩排序(升序:从低到高,asc)后输出。*/
  select name,math from student order by math asc;
  /*对总分排序后输出,然后再按从高到低的顺序输出*/
  select name,math+english+chinese from student order  by math+english+chinese desc;
  /*对姓李的学生成绩排序输出*/
  select name,math+english+chinese from student where name like '李%' order by math+english+chinese desc;
  /*统计一个班级共有多少学生*/
  select count(*) from student;
  select count(id) from student;
  /*统计数学成绩大于80的学生人数*/
  select count(*) from student where math>80;
  /*统计总分大于250的人数*/
  select count(*) from student where math+english+chinese>250;
  /*细节 null不能被count*/
  select count(chinese) from student;
  /*统计一个班级数学总成绩*/
  select sum(math) from student;
  /*统计一个班级语文、英语、数学各科的总成绩s*/
  elect sum(math),sum(english),sum(chinese) from student;
  /*统计一个班级语文、英语、数学的成绩总和*/
  select sum(math+english+chinese) from student;
  /*统计一个班级语文成绩平均分*/
  select sum(chinese)/count(*) from student;
  /*求一个班级数学平均分*/
  select avg(math) from student;
  /*求一个班级总分平均分*/
  select avg(math+english+chinese) from student;
  /*求班级高分和低分(数值范围在统计中特别有用)*/
  select max(math+english+chinese) from student;
  select min(math+english+chinese) from student;
  /*对订单表中商品归类后,显示每一类商品的总价*/
  select product,sum(price) from orders group by product;
  /*查询购买了几类商品,并且每类总价大于100的商品*/
  select product,sum(price) from orders group by product having sum(price)>100;